Interactions between Intrinsic Soil Properties and Deep Tillage in the Sustainable Management of Perennial Crops

Choosing the appropriate management system is essential for sustainable agricultural practices. Yet, soil-specific properties at subsurface are seldom considered when choosing tillage system. This study assessed effect of depth on physical–hydraulic in three contrasting soil classes establishment perennial crops. Tillage practices were evaluated soils with natural dense layers (Inceptisols and Ultisols), very small stable granular structure (Oxisols). From least to most aggressive, tested systems included surface furrowing + plant holes (MT); plowing followed by two diskings (CT); subsoiling (SB); rotary hoeing (DM). Physical indicators greatest explanatory power relative field capacity (RFC, 97%), aeration (AC, 95%), macroporosity (Pmac, S index (Sgi, 89%), bulk density (Bd, 81%). DM caused modification structure, especially surface. It increased values AC, Pmac, Sgi, reduced Bd values. Only deep (DM SB) improved deeper layers. Highest observed MT (1.47 g cm−3), lowest (1.21 cm−3). Soil responded differently systems. was effective densified (Inceptisol Ultisol). Effects less expressive studied Oxisol. Comparing DM, Pmac more than 100% Ultisol, but 20% No affected Oxisol’s layers, due its structure. The choice optimal strategies should consider properties, greater depths, guarantee productive crop